[This post is a fuller version of my article which ran in the Morning News Outdoors Section today.]
Long before the first white settler celebrated a Thanksgiving or Christmas along the White River, there were native tribes of Quapaw and Osage in what would become known as Arkansas. Quapaw mostly lived in the Delta and Coastal plains of Arkansas. The Osage lived primarily in Missouri but would come into the Ozarks of northern Arkansas to hunt.
Then the Louisiana Purchase happened. Explorers and a few settlers discovered the rugged interior of the Ozark Mountains by following the White River out of the delta. They found a beautiful land of mountain top vistas and hills and ravines connected by a network of streams and rivers. In a few areas, there was good farm land, but mostly early settlers had to subsist by hunting and fishing.
A series of events led to more people inflowing into the territory. The Indian Removal Act, which was finalized in 1836, forced the removal of native peoples into Indian Territory in what would become Oklahoma. In the same year Arkansas entered the Union as the 25th state. By 1850 steamboats were bringing numerous settlers up the White River. By the 1880s, steamboats were displaced by railroads. The last steamboat ran up the White in 1906.
Settlers had a dire impact on the environment within the first 50 years or so. Forests were cleared, wildlife was killed off. In the first couple of decades of the 20th century the state of Arkansas was starting fish hatcheries to replenish the rivers and streams.
The great Mississippi Flood of 1927 also affected the White and Arkansas Rivers. Flood control acts followed and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers began dam construction on the White River. The cold water which came out from below the high head dams displaced native smallmouth, and congressional mitigation plans replaced them with trout.
A lot has transpired over the past 150 years or so; and we take a lot more for granted. For example, what is the life expectancy of a dam? Will there always be tailwaters? Will we always have trout below them?
It doesn’t take much of an historical perspective to realize, tailwater trout in Arkansas, at this time, are a real gift. We should be making the most of the moment.
Conservationists need to continue to be proactive, engaging state and federal agencies to move beyond the basic principle of conservation, which is replenishment or re-stocking. We have very few wild trout fisheries in Arkansas. There is no doubt many anglers feel we need more.
The wild trout we have, such as for brown trout in the Little Red River, have been very productive. Wild trout could and should be a much larger component of Arkansas’ trout management; but one cannot expect them to do well where stocked trout have difficulty.

This regulation sign greets anglers at the Winkley Shoal boat ramp below Greers Ferry dam. The sign regulations in this photo and the one below illustrate the difference between basic and progressive conservation. The first addresses restocking in a subsistance fishery; the second provides quality water with special regulations aimed at providing trout the opportunity to reproduce and thrive.

This sign greets anglers at Collins Creek below Greers Ferry dam. The project is an example of a progressive conservation project in Arkansas. The Corps of Engineers along with Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Arkansas Fly Fishers, as well as many other organizations, were able to rehabilitate the stream and put a constant flow of water into the channel from the dam. The stream now is a regulated wild trout stream for youth anglers.
Low water flows from the dams and water quality issues such as low dissolved oxygen need to be corrected sooner than later. Correcting these issues would not only give us cleaner water and help stocked trout to thrive, but would move toward the possibility of more naturally produced trout.
My Christmas wish is that anglers and especially local, state, and federal agencies would learn that positive cooperation among themselves advances the general public good. Improving water quality for trout is also a good deal for Arkansans, whether native and otherwise.
© 2008, Scott Branyan